Lesson 28 · Review
Five new words from the oracle's grim reply to Cepheus — save your dear country and the life of your people.
Lesson 27 gave you the six passive personal endings on amō and moneō. Nothing about the endings changes here — only the stems do, as we carry the passive into the third conjugation (regō) and the fourth (audiō).
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -r — I | -mur — we |
| 2nd | -ris, -re — you | -minī — you |
| 3rd | -tur — he, she, it | -ntur — they |
The passive sign -r still runs through every ending but the second plural -minī. On the present stem rege- this gives regor (I am ruled), and on audī- it gives audior (I am heard).
regor · regeris · regitur · regimur · regiminī · reguntur
In the present second singular, the third conjugation does not shift the stem's -e- to -i-. So it is regeris (or regere), never regiris. This is the one form where the passive differs from the pattern you might expect.
regeris ✓ · regiris ✗
Here is the whole passive of regō, present through future. The imperfect keeps its familiar -bā-; the future, however, drops the -bi- you learned with amō.
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regor | regēbar | regar |
| 2 sg. | regeris | regēbāris | regēris |
| 3 sg. | regitur | regēbātur | regētur |
| 1 pl. | regimur | regēbāmur | regēmur |
| 2 pl. | regiminī | regēbāminī | regēminī |
| 3 pl. | reguntur | regēbantur | regentur |
The fourth conjugation audiō runs on the stem audī-, inserting the same -i- before the plural and future endings that it shows in the active.
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | audior | audiēbar | audiar |
| 2 sg. | audīris | audiēbāris | audiēris |
| 3 sg. | audītur | audiēbātur | audiētur |
| 1 pl. | audīmur | audiēbāmur | audiēmur |
| 2 pl. | audīminī | audiēbāminī | audiēminī |
| 3 pl. | audiuntur | audiēbantur | audientur |
Exactly as in the active, the imperfect adds the tense sign -bā- before the passive endings: regēbar (I was being ruled), audiēbātur (he was being heard). Nothing new to learn here.
regēbar · regēbātur · audiēbāmur · audiēbantur
This is the headline of the lesson. Unlike amō (amābor, amābitur), the third and fourth conjugations build the future with -a- in the first singular and -ē- everywhere else — no -bi- at all: regar, regēris, regētur…; audiar, audiēris, audiētur…
regar · regētur · audiar · audiētur
Only the vowel length separates the present regeris ("you are ruled," short e) from the future regēris ("you will be ruled," long ē). Mind your macrons: they carry the tense.
regeris (present) → regēris (future)
Six out of six before you start the exercises.
Question 1
In regor, what is the subject doing?
Right. regor is the present passive first singular, "I am ruled": the -or ending marks the passive. The active "I rule" would be regō.
Not quite — the -or ending is passive. Compare active regō ("I rule") with passive regor ("I am ruled").
Question 2
Which is the correct second-person singular present passive of regō ("you are ruled")?
Right. The third conjugation keeps its stem -e- in this form, so it is regeris (or regere) — never regiris. The long-vowel regēris is the future ("you will be ruled").
Not quite — the 3rd-conj present 2nd singular keeps its -e- (so not regiris), and its vowel is short (so not the future regēris).
Question 3
Which form means "I shall be ruled" (future passive of regō)?
Right. In the third and fourth conjugations the future has no -bi-: the first singular is -ar, giving regar. regēbar is imperfect ("I was being ruled") and regor is present ("I am ruled").
Not quite — the 3rd/4th future drops -bi- and uses -a- in the first singular. Watch out for the imperfect sign -bā-.
Question 4
From audiō ("hear"), which form means "they are heard"?
Right. The present passive third plural of the fourth conjugation is audiuntur. audientur is future ("they will be heard") and audiēbantur is imperfect ("they were being heard").
Not quite — you want the present. The 4th-conj present 3rd plural is -iuntur; the future is -ientur and the imperfect carries -iēbā-.
Question 5
Translate regēbātur.
Right. The imperfect sign -bā- with the passive ending -tur gives regēbātur, "he was being ruled." The present is regitur and the future regētur.
Not quite — spot the imperfect tense sign -bā-. With the passive -tur, regēbātur means "he was being ruled."
Question 6
How do the third and fourth conjugations form the future passive?
Right. Unlike the first and second conjugations (amābor, amābitur), the 3rd/4th future takes no -bi-: -a- in the first singular and -ē- in the rest — regar, regēris, regētur…; audiar, audiēris, audiētur…
Not quite — recall the lesson's headline: these conjugations build the future with -a-/-ē-, not the -bi- of amō and moneō.
Answered correctly: 0 / 6