Lesson 33 · Review
No new words this lesson — it drills three new forms on verbs you already know. Every one of them is built on the perfect stem: take the third principal part (the perfect, in -ī) and drop that -ī.
Perfect stem + the tense sign -erā- + the personal endings — "I had loved," action complete before some point in the past.
| I · amō | II · moneō | III · regō | III · capiō | IV · audiō | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amāveram | monueram | rēxeram | cēperam | audīveram |
| 2 sg. | amāverās | monuerās | rēxerās | cēperās | audīverās |
| 3 sg. | amāverat | monuerat | rēxerat | cēperat | audīverat |
| 1 pl. | amāverāmus | monuerāmus | rēxerāmus | cēperāmus | audīverāmus |
| 2 pl. | amāverātis | monuerātis | rēxerātis | cēperātis | audīverātis |
| 3 pl. | amāverant | monuerant | rēxerant | cēperant | audīverant |
The pluperfect active indicative is the perfect stem plus -erā- and the personal endings. It names an action already finished before another past action — "I had loved," "they had ruled."
rēx- + erat → rēxerat, "he had ruled"
Perfect stem + the tense sign -eri- + the endings (1 sg. -erō, 3 pl. -erint) — "I shall have loved," action that will be complete before some future point.
| I · amō | II · moneō | III · regō | III · capiō | IV · audiō | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amāverō | monuerō | rēxerō | cēperō | audīverō |
| 2 sg. | amāveris | monueris | rēxeris | cēperis | audīveris |
| 3 sg. | amāverit | monuerit | rēxerit | cēperit | audīverit |
| 1 pl. | amāverimus | monuerimus | rēxerimus | cēperimus | audīverimus |
| 2 pl. | amāveritis | monueritis | rēxeritis | cēperitis | audīveritis |
| 3 pl. | amāverint | monuerint | rēxerint | cēperint | audīverint |
The future perfect active indicative is the perfect stem plus -eri- and the endings — with -erō in the first singular and -erint in the third plural. It names an action that will already be finished before a later moment: "I shall have loved."
mūnīv- + erimus → mūnīverimus, "we shall have fortified"
The pluperfect and the future perfect are near-twins on the page. Between the stem and the ending, the pluperfect carries an -erā- and the future perfect an -eri-; watch the third plural especially — amāverant (had loved) versus amāverint (will have loved).
cēperāmus — we had taken · cēperimus — we shall have taken
Perfect stem + -isse — "to have loved." One ending, every conjugation.
| Conjugation | Perfect stem | Perfect infinitive | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| I (amō) | amāv- | amāvisse | to have loved |
| II (moneō) | monu- | monuisse | to have advised |
| III (regō) | rēx- | rēxisse | to have ruled |
| III -iō (capiō) | cēp- | cēpisse | to have taken |
| IV (audiō) | audīv- | audīvisse | to have heard |
| sum | fu- | fuisse | to have been |
The perfect active infinitive adds -isse to the perfect stem: rēxisse, "to have ruled." The present infinitive is built on the present stem and means simply "to rule" — regere. Same verb, different stem, different time.
rēxisse — to have ruled · regere — to rule
Six out of six before you start the exercises.
Question 1
How is the pluperfect active indicative formed?
Right. The pluperfect is the perfect stem plus the tense sign -erā-: amāv-eram, rēx-erat, audīv-erant. Present stem + -bā- is the imperfect; perfect stem + -eri- is the future perfect.
Not quite — the pluperfect is built on the perfect stem, and its tense sign has a long ā. Which option shows -erā-?
Question 2
Translate: amāverat.
Right. amāv- + -erat is the pluperfect third singular: "he had loved," an action finished before some other point in the past. "He has loved" is the perfect (amāvit); "he will have loved" is the future perfect (amāverit).
Not quite — the tense sign -erā- marks the pluperfect, the "had ___" tense. Which English wording is that?
Question 3
Give the future perfect, first person singular, of regō — "I shall have ruled."
Right. The future perfect first singular takes the special ending -erō on the perfect stem: rēx-erō, "I shall have ruled." rēxeram is the pluperfect ("I had ruled") and rēxī is the plain perfect ("I ruled").
Not quite — in the future perfect the first singular ends in -erō, not -eram. Build it on the perfect stem rēx-.
Question 4
cēperāmus and cēperimus differ by a single vowel. Which is the pluperfect ("we had taken")?
Right. The pluperfect sign is -erā-, so cēperāmus = "we had taken"; the future perfect sign is -eri-, so cēperimus = "we shall have taken." The vowel between stem and ending is the whole tell.
Not quite — the pluperfect carries a long ā in its tense sign (-erā-), the future perfect an i (-eri-). Which form has the ā?
Question 5
What is the perfect active infinitive of audiō — "to have heard"?
Right. The perfect active infinitive adds -isse to the perfect stem: audīv-isse, "to have heard." audīre is the present infinitive ("to hear"), and audīverit is a finite verb (future perfect, "he will have heard").
Not quite — the perfect infinitive ending is -isse, added to the perfect stem audīv-. audīre is the present infinitive.
Question 6
What is monuisse?
Right. monu- + -isse is the perfect active infinitive, "to have advised." The present infinitive of moneō is monēre ("to advise"), built on the present stem; a future perfect like monuerit is a finite verb, not an infinitive.
Not quite — the ending -isse on the perfect stem is the perfect infinitive. The present infinitive of moneō is monēre.
Answered correctly: 0 / 6