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Introduction to Computer Science using Python
Computation & Python Basics
01Algorithms as Recipes02The Six Operations Behind Every Program03Primitives, Syntax, and Semantics04Objects, Types, and Type Casting05Expressions, Operators, and Types06Assignment vs. EqualityProblem set0/10Practice∞
01Objects, Names, and Assignment02String Concatenation, Repetition, and len()03String Indexing and Slicing04String Immutability and the print() Function05User Input, Type Conversion, and f-strings06Comparisons, Booleans, and Logical Operators07Conditionals: if, elif, and elseProblem set0/10Practice∞
Control Flow & Iteration
01Conditional Branching: if, elif, and else02Iteration and the While Loop03While Loops, Counters, and Infinite Loops04While Loop Variables and Running Products05The for Loop and range()06The Accumulator Pattern and range()Problem set0/10MIT problem set0/2Practice∞
01The break Statement: Exiting a Loop Early02Looping Over Strings and the in Operator03Guess-and-Check: Exhaustive Enumeration04for Loops, Boolean Flags, and Cube Roots05Nested Loops and Brute-Force Search06Floats, Binary, and Floating-Point ErrorProblem set0/10Practice∞
Numbers & Algorithms
01Converting Integers to Binary (and Negatives)02Why 0.1 Can't Be Stored: Fractions in Binary03How Floats Are Stored, and Why You Never Use ==04Successive Approximation and the Loop That Never EndsProblem set0/10Practice∞
01Why Approximation Search Hits a Wall02Halving the Search Space at Every Step03Coding Bisection Search for Square Roots04Fixing Bisection Search for Numbers Below One05Newton-Raphson: Sliding Down the Tangent LineProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/1Practice∞
Functions & Abstraction
01Abstraction and Decomposition: Why Your Phone Is a Black Box02What a Function Really Is: The Specification and Its Four Parts03Writing Your First Function: From a Sentence to is_even04How a Function Call Becomes Its Value: Parameters vs. Arguments05Return vs. Print: The Mysterious None, and Functions in Real Code06Building sum_odds: Plan on Paper, Then Catch the Off-by-One BugProblem set0/10Practice∞
Scope & Higher-Order Functions
01return vs. print, and the Hidden None That Reveals a Bug02Turning Bisection Square Root Into a Reusable Function03Environments and Scope: The Rule Behind UnboundLocalError04A Function Is an Object: Naming, Passing, and Tracing Calls05Higher-Order Functions: Building apply(criteria, n)Problem set0/10Practice∞
Lambdas & Sequences
01Writing Anonymous Functions With Lambda02Tracing Nested Calls with the Environment Model03Tuples: An Ordered, Mixed-Type Sequence04Why Tuples Are Immutable: Nesting and Iteration05Tuple Unpacking: One-Line Swaps and Many Returns06The Star (*args), Lists, and Pythonic LoopsProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/3Practice∞
Mutating Lists
01Lists Mutate, Tuples Don't: The Name vs the Object02append: Growing a List and the None Trap03Dot Notation: Building and Filtering Lists04split and join: Converting Between Strings and Lists05sort vs. sorted: Mutate in Place or Return a New List06Writing Functions That Mutate a List In Place07Appending While Looping, and extend vs append08Reassignment vs Mutation, Proven with id()Problem set0/10MIT problem set0/1Practice∞
Aliases & Copies
01Cloning with L[:]: Mutating a List In Place02del, pop, and remove: Three Ways to Delete03The Loop That Skips: Removing While Iterating04Aliases vs Clones: Why L2 = L1 Is Not a Copy05Shallow vs Deep Copy: copy.copy and copy.deepcopyProblem set0/10Practice∞
Comprehensions, Testing & Debugging
01List Comprehensions: Your Build-a-List Loop in One Line02Reading Any Comprehension: Iterable, Expression, Condition03Default Parameters: Defaults Last, Keywords at the Call Site04Returning a Function Object: return g, Not return g()05Catching a Returned Function: Two Names, One Object06Unit, Regression, and Integration Testing07Black Box vs Glass Box: Where Test Cases Come From08Debugging by Bisection: Print Statements as EvidenceProblem set0/10Practice∞
Exceptions & Assertions
01try and except: Catching an Exception Instead of Crashing02Named Exception Handlers, else, finally, and raise03raise ValueError and assert: Enforcing Your Docstring04One Empty List, Four Designs: Crash, None, Default, AssertProblem set0/10Practice∞
Dictionaries
01Why Lists Fail at Lookup: Parallel Lists and Nested Search02Dictionaries: Custom Keys, Curly Braces, and KeyError03Mutating a Dictionary: Add, Overwrite, del, and in04keys(), values(), items(): Three Windows Into a Dictionary05Hashing and Immutable Keys: Why a List Can't Be a Key06Case Study: Building a Word Frequency Dictionary07Ranking Words by Deleting Them: The Cost of MutationProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/8Practice∞
Recursion
01Multiplying With Only Addition: From Loops to a Smaller Copy02Writing mult_recur: Base Case, Recursive Step, and the Call Stack03Divide and Conquer: The Regrade Chain and Writing power_recur04Recursive Factorial Acted Out: Environments and When to RecurseProblem set0/10Practice∞
01fib_recur: Two Recursive Calls and an Exploding Call Tree02Memoization: One Dictionary Cuts 11 Million Calls to 6503Counting Basketball Scores: Three Base Cases, Three Branches04Recursion on Lists: Peel One Element, Trust the Rest05Debugging a Recursive Search: Print, Fix, and Return Types06Nested Lists: Flatten, Search, and Why Loops Fall Short07Reversing a List Recursively: The Brackets That Make It Legal08deep_rev: One Type Test Reverses Every LayerProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/3Practice∞
Classes & Objects
01Class vs Instance: The Blueprint Behind Every Object02Choosing Data and Behavior: Elevators, Employees, and Stacks03class Coordinate(object): Implementing a Type vs Using It04The __init__ Constructor: Why Every Method Starts With self05Creating Instances: Coordinate(3, 4), Dot Notation, and Memory06Methods and the Dot Operator: distance, and How self Gets BoundProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/3Practice∞
Composition & Dunder Methods
01Data Attributes vs Parameter Names: What self Guarantees02Returning a Value vs Mutating the Object: Writing to_origin03Composition and ValueError: A Circle Made of Coordinate Objects04Before the Dot Becomes self: Writing a SimpleFraction Class05Every Operator Is a Method: Meet Python's Dunder Names06The __str__ Method: You Decide What print Shows07Overloading * and float() for a Fraction Class08Inside reduce: a Nested gcd and the Branch That Returns an intProblem set0/10Practice∞
Inheritance
01Data and Procedural Attributes: Building the Animal Class02Getters, Setters and __str__: Why the Method Outlives the Attribute03Attribute Abuse From Outside, and a Dictionary of Animal Objects04make_animals: Walking Two Lists in Step to Build a List of Objects05Hierarchies and Subclasses: The Three Moves a Subclass Can Make06class Cat(Animal): Inheriting __init__ and the Chain Python Climbs07Overriding __init__: Person Calls Animal.__init__ By Name08Student, a Subclass of a Subclass, and the Rabbit Class Variable09__add__ and __eq__ on Rabbits: Operator Overloading With Shared IDsProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/5Practice∞
An Object-Oriented Case Study
01Designing a Workout Class: __init__ Makes Five Attributes From Three02Two State Dictionaries: __dict__ on the Class and on the Object03A Getter That Estimates: Class Variables, None, and datetime04parser.parse and Where a Class Variable Actually Lives05class RunWorkout(Workout): Inheritance and super().__init__06One __str__ in the Parent, Three Kinds of Workout Printing07A Subclass Where Its Parent Goes, and Positional Argument Order08Overriding get_calories: How Python Picks Which Method Runs09__eq__ With super(), and the Last Word on Building ClassesProblem set0/10MIT problem set0/4Practice∞
Program Efficiency
01Correct Isn't Fast: time.time() and Three Functions Built to Be Measured02Timing Nine Input Sizes, and Four Reasons the Seconds Measure the Machine03One Unit per Operation: Costing Three Functions by Hand, Then in Code04Ten Times the Input, a Hundred Times the Work: Reading Operation CountsProblem set0/10Practice∞
01A Finer Clock: time.perf_counter and a Runtime That Never Moves02Which Parameter Costs Time? compound, sum_of, and One Linear Shape03Brute Force, Bisection, or in: Timing Three Searches to 100 Million04A Loop Inside a Loop: the diameter Function and Quadratic Growth05Counting Operations: Exact Formulas and a Program That Counts Itself06Order of Growth: What to Measure, Which Input, and the Worst Case07Big O: An Upper Bound That Only Has to Hold Past the Crossover08Big Theta: Bounded From Both Sides, Keep Only the Dominant Term09Reading Theta Off the Loops: Two Laws and Six Complexity ClassesProblem set0/10Practice∞

One __str__ in the Parent, Three Kinds of Workout Printing

Why does printing a run, a swim and a plain workout all run the same page-long `__str__` that appears in none of their state dictionaries?


Finger exercises

Short drills on what this video just taught. Write the code, run the checks, and reveal the answer only if you are stuck.

0 / 5 passed
  1. The classes above are already defined; do not create any instances. Assign to in_own_dict whether the name '__str__' is one of the names RunWorkout defines for itself in its own state dictionary, and assign to drawer the __str__ a RunWorkout actually uses when one of them is printed. Assign both answers to in_own_dict and drawer.

    Given code — runs before yours
    from datetime import datetime
    
    # The lecture's fitness tracker, trimmed. The emoji icons are written here as
    # two-character ASCII stand-ins so the cards line up in this editor.
    
    class Workout(object):
        cal_per_hr = 200
    
        def __init__(self, start, end, calories=None):
            self.start = datetime.strptime(start, '%m/%d/%Y %I:%M %p')
            self.end = datetime.strptime(end, '%m/%d/%Y %I:%M %p')
            self.icon = '##'
            self.kind = 'Workout'
            self.calories = calories
    
        def get_duration(self):
            return self.end - self.start
    
        def get_kind(self):
            return self.kind
    
        def get_calories(self):
            if self.calories is None:
                return self.cal_per_hr * self.get_duration().total_seconds() / 3600
            return self.calories
    
        def __str__(self):
            width = 16
            retstr = f"|{'-'*width}|\n"
            retstr += f"|{' '*width}|\n"
            retstr += f"| {self.icon}{' '*(width-3)}|\n"
            retstr += f"| {self.kind}{' '*(width-len(self.kind)-1)}|\n"
            retstr += f"|{' '*width}|\n"
            duration_str = str(self.get_duration())
            retstr += f"| {duration_str}{' '*(width-len(duration_str)-1)}|\n"
            cal_str = f"{round(self.get_calories(), 1)}"
            retstr += f"| {cal_str} Calories {' '*(width-len(cal_str)-11)}|\n"
            retstr += f"|{' '*width}|\n"
            retstr += f"|{'_'*width}|\n"
            return retstr
    
    
    class RunWorkout(Workout):
        cals_per_km = 100
    
        def __init__(self, start, end, elev=0, calories=None, route_gps_points=None):
            super().__init__(start, end, calories)
            self.icon = '>>'
            self.kind = 'Running'
            self.elev = elev
            self.route_gps_points = route_gps_points
    
        def get_elev(self):
            return self.elev
    
        def set_elev(self, elev):
            self.elev = elev
    
        def get_calories(self):
            if self.calories is None:
                return super().get_calories()
            return self.calories
    
        def __eq__(self, other):
            return self.start == other.start and self.end == other.end
    
    
    class SwimWorkout(Workout):
        """A swim workout."""
        cal_per_hr = 400
    
        def __init__(self, start, end, pace=0):
            super().__init__(start, end)
            self.icon = '~~'
            self.kind = 'Swimming'
            self.pace = pace
    
        def get_pace(self):
            return self.pace
    
        def get_calories(self):
            return self.cal_per_hr * self.get_duration().total_seconds() / 3600
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    in_own_dict = ...  # your code here
    drawer = ...       # your code here
    
    Python runs in your browser
    ⌘/Ctrl + Enter runs
    ?
    in_own_dict is a True/False answer
    ?
    says whether RunWorkout defines the method itself
    ?
    drawer is the one method written in the parent
←Previous class RunWorkout(Workout): Inheritance and super().__init__Next A Subclass Where Its Parent Goes, and Positional Argument Order →

Your summary note

    1. 1

      The subclass dictionary and what it does not copy

      List the keys RunWorkout.__dict__ shows, cals_per_km, __init__, get_elev, set_elev, get_calories and __eq__, note the parent's getters and setters are absent, and give the instance's seven data attributes.

    2. 2

      __str__ returning a card sixteen characters wide

      State that __str__ returns a string rather than printing one, and write how retstr is concatenated line by line from self.icon, self.kind, get_duration() and get_calories().

    3. 3

      Printing a workout, a run and a swim

      Note that neither RunWorkout nor SwimWorkout defines a __str__, print one object of each type, and record that only the icon and the label differ between the three cards.

    Attempt 1 of 2