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一変数の微積分
微分
01微分係数とは何か:接線の傾きとして定義する02割線から接線へ:極限による微分係数の定義031/x の導関数:先に約分、極限はそのあと041/x の接線と、面積がいつも2になる三角形05微分の記法とべき関数の微分公式問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/3
01瞬間の変化率としての導関数 ― 平均の速さの二倍02時間のない変化率:気温の勾配と GPS の感度03代入で求まる極限、0/0、片側極限04連続性とは二つの数の比較:跳躍不連続点と除去可能な不連続点05無限大に発散する不連続点:1/x とその導関数06微分可能なら連続:一行で終わる証明と、0 でわらない理由問題セット0/10問題セット20/10
01二種類の微分公式:和の微分とサインの導関数02コサインの導関数と、ゼロでの二つの極限03弓と弦:一枚の図で証明する二つの三角関数の極限04どちらが速く縮むか:三角関数の微分がラジアンでしか成り立たない理由05サインは高さ:小さな直角三角形で読むサインの導関数06九十度の回転で証明を完成:積の微分法と商の微分法問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01Proving the Product Rule: Change One Factor at a Time02The Quotient Rule, and the Power Rule for Negative Exponents03The Chain Rule: Differentiating a Function of a Function04Higher Derivatives: The Sine Cycle and Three Notations05The nth Derivative of xⁿ Is n Factorial, by Induction問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/2
01The Power Rule for Rational Exponents02The Slope of a Circle, Two Ways03Implicit Differentiation of a Quartic Curve04Inverse Functions and the Reflection Across y = x05Derivatives of the Arctangent and Arcsine問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01The Derivative of aˣ and the Mystery Number M(a)02Defining e by Slope One, and the Derivative of ln x03M(a) = ln a: Differentiating aˣ and xˣ04Why (1 + 1/n)ⁿ Approaches e問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
微分の応用
01Linear Approximation: A Curve Is Its Tangent Line02Five Linear Approximations at Zero03Combining Approximations, from Algebra to GPS Clocks04Quadratic Approximation: The Best-Fit Parabola問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01Linear Approximation as a Proportionality Rule02Quadratic Approximation: Why the ½, and Products03Curve Sketching: The Sign of f′ and Critical Points04Curve Sketching: Ends, Concavity and Inflection問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01Sketching Without Critical Points: (x+1)/(x+2)02A Five-Step Curve-Sketching Scheme, Applied to x / ln x03x / ln x: Inflection Point and Where Max and Min Can Occur問題セット0/10問題セット20/10
01Two Squares From One Wire: The Critical Point Gives the Least Area02The Open Box of Fixed Volume: Least Material When x = 2y03Related Rates: The Police Radar and the Conical Tank問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/4
01The Hanging Ring: Why the String Makes Equal Angles02Newton's Method: Tangent Lines That Find the Square Root of Five03Why Newton's Method Doubles Its Digits, and How It Fails04The Mean Value Theorem: Somewhere You Hit Your Average Speed05Positive Derivative Means Increasing: Proving eˣ Exceeds 1 + x問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/2
積分
01Differentials: dy = f′(x) dx and the Cube Root of 64.102Antiderivatives Differ Only by a Constant03Integration by Substitution and Advanced Guessing問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01Separation of Variables: dy/dx = −xy and the Bell Curve02General Solutions: Signs, Constants and Initial Conditions03Orthogonal Trajectories: Parabolas and Crossing Ellipses問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01The Definite Integral: Area as a Limit of Rectangle Sums02Area Under y = x²: Squeezing the Sum of Squares03Sigma Notation and the Area Pattern: b, b²/2, b³/304Riemann Sums: the Definite Integral and a Year of Loans問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Area in One Line02Net Change and Signed Area: Integrating Velocity03Six Rules for Definite Integrals and Bounds on eᵇ04Substitution in Definite Integrals: Change the Limits問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1
01Average Rate Times Time: FTC Beats the Mean Value Theorem02Second Fundamental Theorem: Differentiate an Integral03Proving FTC1 and FTC2 with the Mean Value Theorem問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/2
積分の応用
01The Natural Log Defined as an Area Under 1/t02Functions With No Formula: erf, Fresnel and Li(x)03Setting Up the Area Between Two Curves04Vertical vs Horizontal Slices: One Region, Two Integrals問題セット0/10問題セット20/10
01The Disk Method: Volume of a Ball and a Spherical Cap02The Shell Method: Volume of a Parabolic Cauldron03Units Matter: Why y = x² Is Not Scale-Invariant問題セット0/10問題セット20/10MIT 問題セット0/1

このページは日本語版を準備中です

The Disk Method: Volume of a Ball and a Spherical Cap

How does slicing a ball into thin disks turn the circle's equation into 4/3 πa³, and what does stopping halfway give?

日本語版の動画は準備中です(英語版を表示しています)


読み込み中…

←前へ Vertical vs Horizontal Slices: One Region, Two Integrals次へ The Shell Method: Volume of a Parabolic Cauldron →

まとめノート

    1. 1

      Volume by slicing: dV=A(x) dxdV = A(x)\,dxdV=A(x)dx, V=∫A(x) dxV = \int A(x)\,dxV=∫A(x)dx

      Write the volume of one slice as face area times thickness, ΔV≈A(x) Δx\Delta V \approx A(x)\,\Delta xΔV≈A(x)Δx, and show how the sum of the slices becomes the integral as the slices get thinner.

    2. 2

      The disk method: dV=πy2 dxdV = \pi y^2\,dxdV=πy2dx

      Draw the 2-D cross-section with one vertical slice, revolve it about the xxx-axis into a disk of radius yyy, and record the two things still needed: y2y^2y2 from the curve and the limits.

    3. 3

      Example: the ball of radius aaa

      From (x−a)2+y2=a2(x - a)^2 + y^2 = a^2(x−a)2+y2=a2 derive y2=2ax−x2y^2 = 2ax - x^2y2=2ax−x2, read the limits 000 and 2a2a2a off the picture, and integrate to 43πa3\frac{4}{3}\pi a^334​πa3.

    4. 4

      The cap volume V(x)=π(ax2−x33)V(x) = \pi\left(ax^2 - \frac{x^3}{3}\right)V(x)=π(ax2−3x3​)

      Stop the integral at xxx to get the cap formula, check that V(a)V(a)V(a) is half the ball, and note its use for the overlapping bands of clumping particles.

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